Before privacy became a legal doctrine, it was a much older idea: a distinction between what belongs to the individual or the household and what belongs to the community. This post looks at where that distinction came from, long before…
If a system authentication file contains only a person’s name and email address, is that PII? Under New York law, the short answer is no, not on its own. But the reasoning behind that answer is worth walking through, because…
If you work in law, whether as a paralegal, attorney, or compliance professional, you’ve likely run into the term PII. It shows up in discovery requests, data breach notices, client intake forms, and privacy statutes alike. But what actually counts…
A.L.R. stands for American Law Reports. An A.L.R. annotation is a secondary legal source that collects, summarizes, and organizes judicial decisions from multiple jurisdictions concerning a specific legal issue. Instead of creating law, an annotation helps researchers understand how different…
A Restatement is a scholarly publication produced by the American Law Institute that organizes and summarizes common-law principles. Restatements are not statutes and are not binding law by themselves. They are secondary legal authorities. Courts may rely on them because…